digraphs (sh, ch, th, wh, ck)

qu as a chicken letter

bonus letters (f, l and sometimes s)

welded sounds (am, an)

s can sound like z in a suffix

vowels (a apple, e Ed, i itch, o octopus, u up)

closed syllable (1 vowel followed by 1 consonant)

blends

welded sounds

ang fang

all ball

am ham

an fan

ank bank

ing ring

ung lung

ong song

ink pink

multisyllabic words

-ed and -ing as a suffix

v-e syllable (a safe, e Pete, i pine, o hope, u mule, u rule)

v-e exception -ive (give)

open syllable (a acorn, e me, i hi, o no, u flu)

sounds of y (i in first syllable (cry) and e in second syllable (baby))

open exception a (Alaska) and i (compliment)

suffixes (something you add after the root word)

sounds of -ed (d, t, id)

-le syllable

-le exception -stle (castle)

c and g make soft sound if followed by the vowels e, i or y

trigraphs of -dge (fudge) and -tch (catch)

-tion (vacation) -sion (mansion, television)

contractions (didn't)

r controlled syllable

ar (car)

ir (bird)

er (her)

ur (burn)

or (horn)

r controlled exception of rr (berry)

-ar (beggar) and -or (doctor) when at the end of the word

double vowel syllable

ai (bait), ay (play)

ee (jeep), ey (valley)

oa (boat), oe (toe)

ue (blue, cue)

oi (coin), oy (boy)

au (autumn), aw (saw)

ou (trout, soup)

ow (snow, plow)

oo (school, book)

ea (eat, bread, steak)

eu (feud, Seuss)

ew (few, grew)

ui (suit)

more v-e excpetions

-ice (notice)

-ace (palace)

-age (damage)

-ate (pirate)

-ile (fertile)

-ite (favorite)

-ine (engine)

spelling rules of adding a vowel suffix to a word that ends in a silent e

spelling rules of when to double consonant before adding a suffix

y spelling rule

i can sound like an e

-ie and -ei

-igh, -eigh

silent letters

rh (rhyme)

gh (ghost)

mb (lamb)

mn,(column)

kn (knife)

gn (gnat)

wr (wrist)

w effecting vowels

ch and que

ti, ci, tu, ture

chameleon prefixes